Recent advances in upper limb prostheses have led to significant improvements in the number of movements provided by the robotic limb. However, the method for controlling multiple degrees of freedom via user-generated signals remains challenging. To address this issue, various machine learning controllers have been developed to better predict movement intent. As these controllers become more intelligent and take on more autonomy in the system, the traditional approach of representing the human-machine interface as a human controlling a tool becomes limiting. One possible approach to improve the understanding of these interfaces is to model them as collaborative, multi-agent systems through the lens of joint action. The field of joint action has been commonly applied to two human partners who are trying to work jointly together to achieve a task, such as singing or moving a table together, by effecting coordinated change in their shared environment. In this work, we compare different prosthesis controllers (proportional electromyography with sequential switching, pattern recognition, and adaptive switching) in terms of how they present the hallmarks of joint action. The results of the comparison lead to a new perspective for understanding how existing myoelectric systems relate to each other, along with recommendations for how to improve these systems by increasing the collaborative communication between each partner.
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在本文中,我们为Pavlovian信号传达的多方面的研究 - 一个过程中学到的一个过程,一个代理商通过另一个代理商通知决策的时间扩展预测。信令紧密连接到时间和时间。在生成和接收信号的服务中,已知人类和其他动物代表时间,确定自过去事件以来的时间,预测到未来刺激的时间,并且都识别和生成展开时间的模式。我们调查通过引入部分可观察到的决策域来对学习代理之间的影响和信令在我们称之为霜冻空心的情况下如何影响学习代理之间的影响和信令。在该域中,预测学习代理和加强学习代理被耦合到两部分决策系统,该系统可以在避免时间条件危险时获取稀疏奖励。我们评估了两个域变型:机器代理在七态线性步行中交互,以及虚拟现实环境中的人机交互。我们的结果展示了帕夫洛维亚信号传导的学习速度,对药剂 - 代理协调具有不同时间表示(并且不)的影响,以及颞次锯齿对药剂和人毒剂相互作用的影响方式不同。作为主要贡献,我们将Pavlovian信号传导为固定信号范例与两个代理之间完全自适应通信学习之间的天然桥梁。我们进一步展示了如何从固定的信令过程计算地构建该自适应信令处理,其特征在于,通过快速的连续预测学习和对接收信号的性质的最小限制。因此,我们的结果表明了加固学习代理之间的沟通学习的可行建设者的途径。
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ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列,该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战,这是由于探测器的几何形状,不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收,并且低于100 GEV的光,每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战,可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形,并将图形神经网络(GNN)作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开,对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类,并重建沉积的能量,方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真,我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术,包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类,与当前的IceCube方法相比,GNN以固定的假阳性速率(FPR)提高了信号效率的18%。另外,GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8(低于半百分比)。对于能源,方向和相互作用顶点的重建,与当前最大似然技术相比,分辨率平均提高了13%-20%。当在GPU上运行时,GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件,这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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我们提出了Adios,这是一个用于自我监督学习的遮罩图像模型(MIM)框架,同时使用对抗性目标学习掩盖功能和图像编码器。对图像编码器进行了训练,以最大程度地减少原始图像的表示形式与蒙版图像的表示之间的距离。相反,掩蔽函数旨在最大化此距离。阿迪奥斯(Adios)始终改进有关各种任务和数据集的最先进的自我监督学习(SSL)方法 - 包括Imagenet100和STL10上的分类,CIFAR10/100上的转移学习,Flowers102和Inaturalist,以及鲁棒性在背景挑战中进行了评估(Xiao等,2021) - 同时产生语义意义的面具。与MAE,BEIT和IBOT等现代MIM模型不同,Adios不依赖视觉变压器的图像斑点令牌构造,并且可以用卷积的骨架来实现。我们进一步证明,与对流行MIM模型中使用的掩盖方案相比,阿迪奥斯学到的面具在改善SSL方法的表示方面更有效。
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人工智能系统越来越涉及持续学习,以实现在系统培训期间不遇到的一般情况下的灵活性。与自治系统的人类互动广泛研究,但在系统积极学习的同时,研究发生了迄今为止发生的互动,并且可以在几分钟内明显改变其行为。在这项试验研究中,我们调查如何在代理商发展能力时如何发展人类和不断学习的预测代理人之间的互动。此外,我们可以比较两个不同的代理架构来评估代理设计中的代表性选择如何影响人工代理交互。我们开发虚拟现实环境和基于时间的预测任务,其中从增强学习(RL)算法增强人类预测中学到的预测。我们评估参与者在此任务中的性能和行为如何在代理类型中不同,使用定量和定性分析。我们的研究结果表明,系统的人类信任可能受到与代理人的早期互动的影响,并且反过来的信任会影响战略行为,但试点研究的限制排除了任何结论的声明。我们将信任作为互动的关键特征,以考虑基于RL的技术在考虑基于RL的技术时,并对这项研究进行了几项建议,以准备更大规模的调查。本文的视频摘要可以在https://youtu.be/ovyjdnbqtwq找到。
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从人体中获取广泛的体征,称为生物医学体征或生物信号,它们可以处于细胞水平,器官水平或亚原子水平。脑电图来自大脑的电活动,心电图是心脏的电活动,来自肌肉声信号的电动作用,称为肌电图,眼睛的电视图等。研究这些信号对医生非常有帮助,它可以帮助他们检查和预测和治愈许多疾病。
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Three main points: 1. Data Science (DS) will be increasingly important to heliophysics; 2. Methods of heliophysics science discovery will continually evolve, requiring the use of learning technologies [e.g., machine learning (ML)] that are applied rigorously and that are capable of supporting discovery; and 3. To grow with the pace of data, technology, and workforce changes, heliophysics requires a new approach to the representation of knowledge.
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The availability of frequent and cost-free satellite images is in growing demand in the research world. Such satellite constellations as Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 provide a massive amount of valuable data daily. However, the discrepancy in the sensors' characteristics of these satellites makes it senseless to use a segmentation model trained on either dataset and applied to another, which is why domain adaptation techniques have recently become an active research area in remote sensing. In this paper, an experiment of domain adaptation through style-transferring is conducted using the HRSemI2I model to narrow the sensor discrepancy between Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2. This paper's main contribution is analyzing the expediency of that approach by comparing the results of segmentation using domain-adapted images with those without adaptation. The HRSemI2I model, adjusted to work with 6-band imagery, shows significant intersection-over-union performance improvement for both mean and per class metrics. A second contribution is providing different schemes of generalization between two label schemes - NALCMS 2015 and CORINE. The first scheme is standardization through higher-level land cover classes, and the second is through harmonization validation in the field.
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We describe a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) that simulates the flow induced by the astronomical tide in a synthetic port channel, with dimensions based on the Santos - S\~ao Vicente - Bertioga Estuarine System. PINN models aim to combine the knowledge of physical systems and data-driven machine learning models. This is done by training a neural network to minimize the residuals of the governing equations in sample points. In this work, our flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations with some approximations. There are two main novelties in this paper. First, we design our model to assume that the flow is periodic in time, which is not feasible in conventional simulation methods. Second, we evaluate the benefit of resampling the function evaluation points during training, which has a near zero computational cost and has been verified to improve the final model, especially for small batch sizes. Finally, we discuss some limitations of the approximations used in the Navier-Stokes equations regarding the modeling of turbulence and how it interacts with PINNs.
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